The Subjunctive Mood
语气是用来表示谈话人的态度和看法的动词形式. 英语有三种语气: ①陈述语气(同陈述句)②祈使语气(同祈使句), ③虚拟语气.
虚拟语气不表示一个事实,而是表示一种假设情况
II. 形式:
虚拟语气的动词形式在条件状语从句中, 其主从句形式有较固定的形式要求(见III.用法1),在 名词性从句中多用should +原形, 在定语从句, wish后面所接的宾语从句, 以及其它状语从句 中用过去时.
III. 用法:
1.用于条件状语从句中:
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|
从句(if) |
主 句 |
例 句 |
|
与现在事实相反的 假设 |
If + 主语 + 动词过去时 (be用 were) |
主语 + would/ should/could/ might + 动词原形 |
If I had time, I would attend the meeting. |
|
与过去事实相反的 假设 |
If + 主语 + had +过去分词 |
主语 + would/ should/could/ might + have+ 过去分词 |
If you had taken my advice, you’d have passed the exam. |
|
与将来情况相反的 假设 |
①If + 主语 + 动词的过去时 ② If + 主语 + were to + 动词原形 ③ If + 主语 + should + 动词原形 |
主语+ would/ should/could/might + 动词原形 |
If you came tomorrow, we would have the meeting. If it were to rain tomorrow, we would put off the sports meeting. If he should not come tomorrow, we would put off the meeting till next week. |
（1）与现在情况相反的假设
If everyone knew first aid, many lives would be saved.
If I ______(be) you,I would go to the cinema tonight.
If you saw the film,you __________ ( be) very excited.
If they________ (come) ,we could go there together.
If we _______ ( go ) together,we would have a good time.
If I _______ (have ) enough money, I could buy a new house.
（2）与过去情况相反的假设
1) If the hurricane had happened during the day-time, there would have been more deaths.
2) If you had studied hard, you would have passed the exam.
If you __________ ( come ) earlier, you wouldn’t have been late.
If I had taken money with me yesterday, I __________________
(repair ) my watch.
If I ___________ (repair ) my watch, I would have got up early.
If I_____________ (get up ) early, I wouldn’t have been late.
（3）. 与将来情况相反的假设：
If you should come tomorrow, I would go fishing with you.
If you were to come tomorrow, …
If you came tomorrow, …
If it should rain tomorrow, I ___________ ( stay ) at home.
If I were to stay at home, I ____________ ( have ) a good rest.
If I _________________________________ a good rest, I could put my heart into study next week.
（4）.省略if的虚拟条件句
在条件句中可省略if，把were，had, should提到句首，变为倒装句式。如：
If I were at school again, I would study harder.
＝
If you had come earlier, you would catch the bus.
＝
If it should rain tomorrow, we would not go climbing.
＝
注意：若省略的条件句中的谓语动词是否定形式时，不能用动词的缩略形式。我们可以说：were it not for the expense, I would go abroad now.但不能说：weren’t it for the expense, I would go abroad now.
（5）. 当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时，被称为“错综时间条件句”，动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。如：
If you’d listened to me, you wouldn’t be in such trouble now.
与过去事实相反 与现在事实相反
If you had followed my advice just now, you would be better now.
If you had studied hard before, you would be a college student now, and you would graduate from a college in four years’ time.
（6）. 含蓄条件句。常用的词有 with, without, but for, otherwise, or或分词结构，和独立主格结构。如：
What would you do with a million dollars? (=if you had a million dollars)
We couldn’t have finished the work ahead of time without your help. (=if we hadn’t got your help)
But for the rain (=if it hadn’t been for the rain), we would have finished the work.
Given more attefntion, the flowers could have grown better.
Supposing it should rain, we would still go.
Everything taken into cosideration, they would have raised their output quickly.
2.用于名词性从句中
1) 用于主语从句中:
(1)用在 It is suggested / requested / demanded ordered/desired/proposed/advised/insisted + that 从句中, 从句用 (should) + 动词原形:
eg: It’s suggested that the meeting (should)be put off till next week.
It was ordered that the wounded soldiersbe sent to the field hospital at once.
(2)用在 It is necessary / important / strange / odd / natural / surprising / essential / best / appropriate / shocking / sad / regrettable / a pity / a shame / no wonder / has been decided /+ that 从句中, 从句用 (should) + 动 词原形 :
eg: It is necessary that the customs of all national minorities be respected.
It is strange that he should have said so.
It’s a pity that I should do it again.
It is a great pity that he should be so careless.
It is not surprising that Alfred should have married Amy.
但(2)部分也可不用虚拟语气:
eg: It is a pity that she has made such a mistake.
It is strange that he didn’t come yesterday.
2) 用于宾语从句中:
（1）在wish后的宾语从句一般用虚拟语气，表示一种不可能实现的愿望.
过去时（表现在）
过去完成时（表过去）
Could/would/might+动词原形（表将来）如：
How I wish I were a bird and could fly freely in the sky!
I wish I had not made so many mistakes in the last exam.
How I wish it weren’t raining now!
(2)在would rather后用过去时:
eg. I’d rather you came tomorrow.
(3)在advise, demand, insist, order, propose, request, require, suggest后用should + 动词原形, should可以省略:
eg. He suggested we (should) start off early the next day.
We insisted they not be present at such gathering.
He ordered that all (should) take part in the work.
They requested that we (should) have lunch with them.
但是: 当suggest表示“暗示,表明” insist表示“坚持认为”时,不用虚拟语气:
eg. The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with our work.
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
3) 用于表语从句中:
(1) 在advice, demand, order, proposal, request, suggestion 等后面的表语从句中:
eg. My advice is that he wait till next week.
Her suggestion is that we should learn all the texts by heart.
The general’s order was that all the soldiers reach the border in ten hours.
(2) 当as if, as though 引导表语从句时:
eg. He looks as if he were an artist.
They appear as though they had been friends for years.
4) 用于同位语从句中:
在advice, demand, order, proposal, request, suggestion 等后面的同位语从句中, 如:
Eg. We all agree to his suggestion that we go to the
Order came that the soldiers be sent to the border.
Here is the doctor’s advice that you should take the medicine 4 times a day.
3. 用于定语从句中:
在It is (high) time that 句型中, 定语从句的谓语动词用过去时, 或should + 动词原形(should不能省略):
eg. It is (high) time that you went to school.
It’s time you did something about it.
It is (high) time that we should start out.
4. 用于其它状语语从句中:
1)当as if, as though, even if, even though 引导状语从句时,从句用动词的过去时. 如:
She speaks English so fluently as if she had studied English in
It was the first time they had met, but they acted as though they had been friends for ages.
Even if he were here, he couldn’t solve the problem.
I wouldn’t go to
此类情况也可不用虚拟语气, 如:
eg. It looks as if it is going to rain.
I’ll help you, as though l don’t sleep for a night.
Even if I have to walk all the way, I’ll get there.
I like her even though she can be annoying sometimes.
2) 当in case, lest, for fear that等引导状语从句时, 从句用(should +) 原形动词. 如 :
eg. Be quiet in case you should wake the baby.
I shall ring you up lest you (should) forget to come.
I took an umbrella along with me for fear that it should/might rain.
在此类情况中, in case引导状语从句也可不用虚拟语气, 如:
eg. Take your umbrella, in case it rains.
5. 用于 if only 引导的感叹句中, 如:
eg. If only I were a bird!
If only I had known her telephone number / e-mail address!
If only I hadn’t lost it!
If only the letter had arrived in time!
6. May + 动词原形，表示祝愿.如:
May the friendship between our two peoples last forever!
May you succeed!
May the plan work!
